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Overview of the 2007 Economy

2008/01/15
text by Claire Cheng

CPI

 

As the main indicator of inflation, the consumer price index (CPI) was eyed warily in 2007. After slow increases for many years, spikes in the CPI warned of possible inflationary pressures in the economy; common people felt the pinch too, with hikes in prices for their everyday needs.

At the beginning of 2007, People’s Bank of China Assistant Governor Yi Gang said the CPI could be kept at less than 3 percent, but this proved wrong. The index exceeded 3 percent in March and continued to climb faster than at any time in the past ten years to stand at 6.9 percent in November. The CPI for 2007 is expected to be about 4.7 percent.

According to a survey conducted by the People’s Bank of China in 50 cities at the end of November, nearly half of the respondents think the prices are “too high to accept,” 23.2 percentage points higher than in a similar survey a year before. What’s more, 68.4 percent of its respondents believe that prices will continue to rise in the upcoming year.

Price hikes began with food, especially pork. Pork prices nearly doubled that of 2006. With another hot season of pork consumption coming, the Spring Festival, the price of pork has continued to soar. According to figures on December 5, the wholesale price for live pigs rose by another 0.24 yuan (US$0.03) over the peak price of 20.15 yuan (US$2.82) per kilogram in August.

Increases in the prices of chicken, eggs, cooking oil, instant noodles and many other food products were also reported.

The CPI hikes point to “structural inflation.” This is based on the fact that food is a major constituent of China’s CPI basket: 34 percent. Prices for food products contributed to 87 percent of the overall increase in CPI hikes in the first 11 months of 2007, according to Cao Changqing, director of the Department of Price of the National Development and Reform Commission. Food and housing prices are the only two of the eight components of China’s CPI that have been unmitigated, said Cao.

Structural inflation is a major issue facing governmental economic planners. “Preventing structural inflation from becoming entrenched inflation and preventing economic growth from changing from rapid to overheating” has been defined as a main objective of macro control in 2008.

 

Interest Rate Hikes

 

At the 2007 Central Economic Work Conference£¬the country’s monetary policy was changed from “prudent” to “tighter” for the first time in ten years.

Actually, a tightening of money supply was already under way in 2007, addressing excessive liquidity in the Chinese economy. China’s central bank raised its benchmark interest rates six times in the year, lifting the interest rate for one-year deposit from 2.52 percent to 4.14 percent and one-year loan from 6.12 percent to 7.47 percent.

Experts believe the interest rates hikes are designed to change the negative real interest rates (interest rate minus inflation), which are bad for the economy.

Although it may seem that the interest-rate hikes have had little effect on the economy, because they involved modest increases each time, the frequent adjustments epitomized the government’s resolution to rein in China’s economy and to stabilize markets.

But the interest rate hikes were just one of the monetary tools the central government employed to regulate the economy. The People’s Bank of China also raised the reserve ratio for commercial banks ten times to drain money supply from the market.

Macro-control measures also included the issuance of 1.55 trillion yuan (US$217 billion) worth of special treasury bonds and the tightening of loan issuances by commercial banks.

 

Stock Market

 

No other stock market in the world recorded a more bullish performance than that of China in 2007. The stock market thrived and accelerated a bullish trend that began in 2006. But with its panics, hesitations and doubts, the Shanghai Composite Index (SCI) seemed to ride a roller coaster which took it from 2,700 points at the beginning of the year straight to more than 5,000 points on August 23, which was regarded by experts and industry insiders as a milestone in China’s financial market. The SCI soared to its highest point of 6,100 points in October. 

May 30 was not a good day for many of China’s investors: on that day, the government increased the stock trading tax (stamp tax) from 0.1 percent to 0.3 percent, dealing a direct blow to market bull’s head. After that, the market fluctuated briefly, but continued with an upward trend, beginning in July. Regardless of the consecutive interest rates hikes in July, August and September and other cooling measures, the bull pushed its way straight to the its highest point during the 17th National Conference of the CPC. The market held its ground for a time, but started sliding with fluctuations and slipped to 4778.73 points at the end of November. December saw the market taking back lost territory to end the year with 5261.56 points.

The Chinese stock market has witnessed lots of miracles: by the end of 2007, the market cap of the domestic stock market reached 33 trillion yuan (US$4.62 trillion), exceeding the GDP for the whole year; IPOs in the year exceeded 800 billion yuan (US$112 billion) and trade volume was reported at more than 50 trillion yuan (US$6.5 trillion)—all-time highs for China’s financial market.

New giants were born: the China Aluminum Corporation Limited replaced the Aluminum Company of America to become the world’s largest aluminium company in terms of market cap after listing in April; the China Shenhua Energy Company Limited became No. 1 in the global coal industry; and on November 5, PetroChina suddenly became the largest company in the world with a US$ 1.1 trillion market cap.

Before the May 30 adjustment, the stock market was nothing but heaven for every investor. Stories about people getting rich overnight on the stock market lured millions of Chinese to jump into this unfamiliar world. In 2007, the number of accounts in China’s stock market reached 120 million.

However, not everyone was able to outrun the index. A survey conducted by the Beijing Statistics Bureau showed that about 20 percent of the respondents didn’t make money on the stock market: 32 percent just broke even, and about 50 percent enjoyed a profit in 2007.

 

Wealth Management

 

2007 is being called the “zero year of wealth management” by the media. The conclusion is drawn from the visible crowds in stock markets and queues of citizens waiting to buy mutual funds at banks, and also from 20 million more mutual fund accounts than 2006.

By the end of the third quarter of 2007, the total mutual fund assets in China had risen to 3.05 trillion yuan (US$427 billion), 2.5 times more than that at the end of 2006, holding 28 percent of market value at the A-share market.

As a result, the conventional practice of saving money in banks was toppled by the heady lure of overnight wealth by investing in stocks and funds.

But the rush to the market caused worries. Some people even mortgaged their homes to borrow money to invest in stocks or funds. Many wealth management programmes were initiated to teach the public how to become smarter investors and, more importantly, how to properly control the potential risks inherent to investing. And “long-term investment” has always been the guideline experts try to teach millions of individual investors.

 

Renminbi Appreciation

 

Few issues discussed at the Strategic Economic Dialogue talks between China and the United States or during the French president’s visit to China got more attention than renminbi (RMB) appreciation.

Actually, the RMB has already soared to new highs against the US dollar. The exchange rate of the RMB against the dollar increased from 7.8073 yuan to the dollar at the beginning of 2007 to 7.3046 yuan at the end of the year, up nearly 7 percent. It jumped again to 7.2934 at the China Foreign Exchange Trade System in Shanghai on January 2, 2008.

Still, RMB-related controversies persist because of large trade surpluses, particularly with the United States and the European Union. Nevertheless, no drastic appreciation is expected on the part of the Chinese Government for various reasons related to markets and socio-economic stability in China. But the RMB is expected to continue its steady climb and will be allowed to fluctuate more. The People’s Bank of China also announced it would widen the range of fluctuation of the Chinese currency and let the market play a more important role in deciding exchange rates.

 

Housing Prices

 

In the first quarter of 2007, the property market soared along with the price of housing, especially in big cities. The average price of properties in Beijing shot up by more than 40 percent over that of 2006, despite frequent interest-rate hikes.

In addition to monetary policies, cooling measures directed at the property market were issued, especially speculative activities. In September, the People’s Bank of China and the Regulatory Commission of Banking Industry issued a notice, raising the portion of down-payment as well as lending rate for second properties. Although commercial banks have their own definitions of “second homes”—whether counted by individual person or by family—the cost of property speculation has no doubt been increased. Toward the end of 2007, the central bank issued a supplement to the former notice, defining “second home” as does of families.

The development of limited-price housing has eased the demand for commercial housing on the part of middle-income consumers; and new policies on the application of low-cost housing and low-rent housing have provided the low-income families with basic guarantees.

The effect of all these macro-control measures began to be reflected on the market in the fourth quarter. The contract-signing of properties in the fourth quarter experienced a slow-down. Real-estate developers were offering special discounts toward the end of the year.

However, the wait-and-see sensation among the consumers is mounting; many believe a turning point in the property market is approaching and have decided to hold their money in anticipation of sliding prices.

 

 

稳中求进 科学发展

2007年中国宏观调控亮点回顾

/刘声

在中国政府启动新一轮宏观调控措施的5年时间里,中国经济总体保持了“高增长、低通胀”的良好运行态势。

2007年以来,针对经济运行中出现的一些新情况、新问题以及全球性通货膨胀的复杂经济环境,中国政府除了在宏观经济政策中一如既往地重视土地资源和货币信贷这两方面问题之外,同时增加了在财政、贸易、环保和产业结构等方面的关注度。宏观调控政策的“组合拳”格局已经初步形成,调控的力度明显加强,涉及范围更广,调控重点也更加突出。

尽管中国未来需要面对的国际经济环境更加复杂,但中国政府的宏观调控手段也日臻成熟,并且愈发显示出其精准、稳健的特点。

回顾2007年的中国经济状况,可谓风险和成就并存:一方面,投资增长过快、信贷投放过多、外贸顺差过大等问题依然存在;另一方面,及时有效的宏观调控发挥了不可替代的巨大作用,使风险始终处于可控制的范围内,宏观调控的成果正逐步显现。

 

两大动力平衡发力  三驾马车并驾齐驱

 

2007年初以来,中国经济总体面临投资增长过多过快、出口顺差过盛过强、价格上涨压力加大、资本流动性过盛、势头较猛等一系列冲突和问题。针对所遇到的新情况和新问题,中国政府在进一步完善宏观调控措施和加大改革开放力度的同时,努力进行结构调整,形成投资、出口、消费三架马车均衡发力并驾齐驱的格局,使国民经济得以继续保持平稳和较快的发展。

统计显示,2007年前3季度的最终消费和净出口对经济增长的贡献率同比分别提高了1.37个百分点,资本形成的贡献率下降了8.3个百分点。投资与消费对经济增长的贡献出现了此消彼长的变化。

2007年,中国国内生产总值增长速度在11.5%左右,这是中国经济自新一轮的宏观调控开始以来,连续5年达到10%以上的增长速度,并且这种增长是一个相对有序和稳定的过程。

2007年的经济运行情况看,第1季度增长11.1%,第2季度增长11.9%,第三季度增长11.5%。经济增长波动的幅度很小。从5年来经济的整体增长情况看,波幅始终保持在1%左右。中国国家统计局有关专家指出,这说明中国经济发展的稳定性已明显增强。

也有声音认为中国的宏观调控没有起到预计的作用,仍有很多问题存在。对此,中国国家发展和改革委员会主任马凯表示,“从几个主要的经济曲线来说,如果画在一张图上看,确实是趋好的。从经济增长曲线看,在快速增长中,2007年的年度波动是最小的;从投资曲线上看,增幅是逐步回落的;从消费曲线看,增幅是不断加快的;投资曲线或消费曲线的喇叭口是在缩小的;从就业曲线看,新增就业人数是持续增加的;从财政收入或企业利润的曲线看是大幅上升的。”

事实上,中国经济宏观调控在2007年所体现出来的新特点正是“稳政策、调结构”,在保持总体稳定的同时,把更大的力气用于结构调整,而不是追求在短期内解决某些特殊问题。深化改革促进了地方政府围绕经济发展的制度竞争和制度创新,形成经济发展独特的驱动力,具有可持续的释放效应。金融体系的市场化使资金能够向高效益的环节流动,大大提高了资本要素配置的效率。坚持对外开放则有效地弥补了国内资本短缺和市场需求的不足,通过参与国际竞争提高了经济运行效率。中国与世界市场已然形成了双向加强的互动关系。

 

奥运之城  稳步升级

 

2008年奥运会使北京成为代表中国形象的一个窗口,而奥运会的筹备过程,则可以看作是中国经济发展的缩影。因而,观察中国经济状况的最简便方法,就是了解北京。

2007年,对北京来说是奥运筹备过程中的关键之年,这一年,北京市投资运行适度、合理,结构调整效果明显。由于经济大环境持续稳定发展,使企业进入生产旺季,企业家信心指数和企业景气指数在较高的基础上继续攀升。八大行业——工业、建筑业、批发零售业、社会服务业、住宿餐饮业、房地产业、信息软件行业、交通运输业,都得以蓬勃发展,景气指数稳步提高。而且,服务业需求旺盛,旅游业客源大幅度增长,企业经营环境逐步得到改善,流动资金状况明显好转。

2007111月,北京市完成全社会固定资产投资3950亿元,同比增长17%左右。产业发展和结构更加符合城市功能定位的要求,服务型经济的主导地位进一步巩固。消费、投资对经济增长的拉动作用更趋均衡。

2007年,北京房地产开发投资增幅继续回升。自200715月房地产开发投资增速降至年初以来最低点10.8%后,下半年一直保持较快的回升态势。2007111月,北京市完成房地产开发投资1626.1亿元,比2006年同期增长19.4%

由于2008年奥运会的积极影响,北京的基础设施投资增长仍处于高位。2007111月,全市完成基础设施投资941.9亿元,同比增长38.5%。其中,中央单位完成基础设施投资246.8亿元,同比增长55.3%。在基础设施投资中,交通运输业投资479.4亿元,同比增长40.3%;能源投资147.5亿元,同比增长92.2%

从增长动力来看,大项目建设对投资的支撑作用趋于明显。除房地产开发投资外,北京城市计划总投资超过10亿元的项目共81个,共完成投资760.5亿元,比2006年同期增长41.6%,占全社会完成投资(不含房地产开发投资)的比重为47.9%

从新开工项目来看,2007年计划总投资10亿元以上的新开工项目16个,共完成投资142.5亿元,对投资增长(不含房地产开发投资)的贡献率达到57.2%。新开工的16个大项目主要集中于交通运输业和公共设施管理业,两个行业共完成投资85.9亿元,占大项目完成投资的60.3%,对全社会完成投资(不含房地产开发投资)增长的贡献率则达到34.5%

从上面的这些信息和数据可以看出,北京正是在宏观调控政策的引导下,完成了平稳增长基础上的城市经济格局的全面升级。作为中国首都和奥运之城,北京有其自身的特殊性,但是,北京的经济状况恰恰反映了中国宏观经济运行稳中有变、稳中求进的积极状态。

 “组合拳”提高宏观调控水平

 

2007年以来,中国央行10次提高存款准备金率,6次提高人民币存贷款基准利率,还降低了银行储蓄的利息税,调整了证券和股票交易印花税。中国财政部则宣布发行1.55万亿元特别国债,这一有助于回笼货币的措施,被视为财政与货币政策协调配合、加强宏观调控手段联动的“组合拳”。此外,中国还进一步取消了553项高能耗、高物耗和资源性产品的出口退税,降低了2268项容易引起贸易摩擦的出口商品的出口退税率。

中共十七大报告中提出,要“发挥国家发展规划、计划、产业政策在宏观调控中的导向作用,综合运用财政、货币政策,提高宏观调控水平”。事实上,面对日益复杂的局面,中国经济单靠货币调控政策已经难以达到希望的目标,财政、货币等政策如何有效配合成为当务之急。

国家统计局新闻发言人李晓超认为,2007年密集出台的宏观调控措施,更多地采用了财税等经济手段。虽然效果慢一些,但是有利于防止经济的大起大落。

对于取消“两高一资”等出口产品的优惠政策,中国财政部财科所所长贾康表示,当前和今后一个时期,中国将通过改革资源税制度,建立健全资源有偿使用制度、生态环境补偿机制和支持节能减排的政策体系等措施,积极推动转变经济发展方式,促进国民经济又好又快发展。

 

宏观调控  重点明确

 

一系列调控措施相互关联、协调配合,是2007年的宏观调控政策区别于以往宏观调控措施的最显著特点,在宏观调控引导下协调联动的领域主要包括:节能减排、产业调整、国际收支平衡、保障民生等。针对相应问题所采用的手段包括:信贷“窗口指导”、市场准入、鼓励环保产业发展和环保技术应用、限制“两高一资”产品出口、有选择地鼓励进口以及完善医疗保健和社保体系、建立最低生活保障等方面。

 

节能减排  重中之重

 

20071月上旬,中国国家环保总局副局长潘岳宣布首次启动区域限批政策,以遏制高污染高耗能产业迅速扩张的态势。被列入区域限批黑名单的,既有华能国电等一批电力大户,也有唐山、吕梁等高耗能、高污染产业行政区。中国国家环保总局环评司副司长赵维钧说,区域限批是最后的闸门,必须牢牢关紧。

20075月下旬以来,中华人民共和国国务院的大量工作都是围绕节能减排来推进。在中国国家发改委出台大量具体措施的同时,财政部、环保总局等部门都出台了很多相应的支持政策。

2007年出台的措施来看,节能减排工作有两个重要支点——市场准入和行业整合。两个支点分别从增量优化和存量改善上发力。市场准入采取的调控手段包括:土地准入、产业准入、环保准入、能耗准入等,通过项目审批、信贷窗口指导、大检查、大清理等方式,鼓励高技术、高附加值、低消耗、低污染的产业发展,鼓励服务业的发展,限制落后产能、落后产业的扩张,制止低水平的重复建设。

2008年,中国国家发展和改革委员会有可能设立国家节能中心,其职能之一将是对新上项目进行能源审核,实行一票否决机制,从而真正实现在高耗能、高污染产业的源头上控制其扩容。

 

鼓励兼并重组  淘汰“低能”企业

 

在现存的高耗能产业中,大型企业在节能减排上相对中小企业而言一般都有明显优势。在宏观政策鼓励下,优势大企业通过产业整合重组,兼并或淘汰高耗能、高排放的中小型企业。中国政府在鼓励地方关停小火电企业上,在解决煤炭行业能耗和排放结构性矛盾方面,便采取了这样的政策导向,鼓励通过兼并、重组或收购,解决现有问题,实现节能减排的重要目标。截至200712月,中国共关停小火电机组1438万千瓦。关停后的电量全部转由大机组发电,每年减少原煤消耗量1880万吨。

中国钢铁产业面临的相关问题也很严峻,落后产能占全行业总产能的20%左右。据《钢铁产业发展政策》显示,国家鼓励实施兼并、重组,扩大具有比较优势的骨干企业集团规模,提高产业集中度。到2010 年,钢铁冶炼企业数量较大幅度减少,国内排名前十位的钢铁企业集团钢产量占全国产量的比例达到50%以上,2020 年达到70%以上。

 

优化出口结构  调控贸易平衡

 

   “控制贸易平衡和国际收支平衡”在2007 年的宏观调控

政策中得到前所未有的重视,相关政策出台密度和力度都明

显加大,其中,不断追加力度的财税政策尤为引人注目。

针对贸易和进出口领域的状况,宏观调控政策将继续加大优化进出口商品结构的力度,控制对外贸易顺差过快增长;实施调整部分产品的出口退税和出口关税政策,完善扩大进口的支持政策,积极增加进口;根据国内经济社会发展需要,重点多进口国内需要的资源类产品;鼓励一般贸易以及具有自主知识产权和高附加值产品的出口;进一步控制高耗能、高污染和资源性产品出口;取消或下调部分低技术含量产品的出口退税率;提高加工贸易企业准入门槛,推动加工贸易产业转型升级。

2008年,中国财政部将出台缓解贸易顺差的财税政策,进一步抑制外贸出口过快增长,减少贸易摩擦,优化出口结构,促进贸易平衡和外贸增长方式的转变。商务部从出口许可、出口配额管理等方面,也在对越来越多的商品出口进行必要的管理。这些结构性的政策调整,都有助于控制贸易顺差过大和国际收支平衡。

 

关注民生问题  构建和谐社会

 

科学发展观的重要内涵,就是共建共享,解决地区发展差距过大、城乡差距过大、居民收入差距扩大等问题,实现社会和谐。中共十七大召开之前,中国政府通过出台诸多政策的方式对民生问题给予了密切关注。20077月后,国务院以发文的方式,接连出台了多项相关重大政策。

中共十七大召开后,前期出台政策的落实、新的相关政策的出台将成为未来的阶段性工作任务。按照中共十七大的会议精神,“关注民生、构建和谐社会”是未来宏观调控的重点,相应的财政、税收及收入分配政策的作用将会更加突出。

 

“双防”为主  加大调控力度

 

2007年,中国经济的一路“高歌猛进”,再次吸引了全世界的眼球。部分国外媒体将2007年的经济发展数据看成是中国“经济过热”的信号,而将加息看成加强金融紧缩政策,为经济“降温”的应急之举。

对此,大多数经济学家提出了乐观预测。知名投资银行“雷曼兄弟”的亚洲经济学家孙明春认为,从中国相关部门公布的数据中,看到的是令人欢喜的迹象,而不是经济过热的隐忧。经济的高增长无可厚非。面对通货膨胀的担忧,孙明春认为,除去食品价格上涨的因素,中国的通货膨胀率仍保持在大约1.1%的低位,这表示,中国潜在的通货膨胀水平仍处在可控范围之内。

2007年的经济发展基础之上,中国政府下一步的宏观调控工作仍将以“双防”——防止经济增长由偏快转为过热、防止价格由结构性上涨演变为明显通货膨胀作为首要任务:

按照“控总量、稳物价、调结构、促平衡”的要求,实施稳健的财政政策和从紧的货币政策,合理把握财政支出规模,着力促进结构调整和协调发展,加大对重点领域和薄弱环节的投入力度;

严格控制货币信贷总量,从严控制新增建设用地和新开工项目,防止投资反弹,优化信贷结构,强化金融监管,防范金融风险;

切实加强对市场供求和价格变化的调控,保障重要商品的有效供给,避免价格总水平过快上涨;

实施有保有压的产业政策,不断增强消费需求对经济增长的拉动作用。

目前,在全球范围通胀的经济状况下,中国所需要面对的问题和挑战仍然非常复杂。中国政府近年来所进行的新一轮宏观调控,是中国经济平稳快速增长的有力支撑。现今,中国的经济增长对世界经济的贡献仅次于美国,已经成为世界经济格局中不可或缺的关键一环,这已经充分说明了中国宏观调控政策的成功。

 



 
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